Residency: Clinical Pharmacology

The defining characteristics of the specialty of veterinary clinical pharmacology reside in an advanced knowledge of the many complex factors that constitute rational drug therapy in animal patients. The Residency Program in Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology at NC State University is designed to provide training and practice experience for a candidate to fulfill eligibility requirements for board certification as a Diplomate by the American College of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology (ACVCP). Residents in clinical pharmacology also will have the option of working towards an advanced academic degree in veterinary pharmacology within the Comparative Biomedical Sciences (CBS) program. This program may be viewed at the Comparative Biomedical Sciences area.

NOTE:  This residency does NOT participate in the residency matching program VIRMP.

Program

The residency training requirements are listed on the ACVCP Web site. This site describes the ACVCP requirements for an accredited training program and Candidate credentials requirements as currently approved by the Board of Regents.

At NCSU, the Residency Program is a three (3) year program. The first year of the training program is designed to establish the resident’s knowledge base of the comparative pharmacology of principal drug groups employed in veterinary therapeutics, as well as principles of pharmacokinetics. In the second year, the resident is expected to learn the basic mechanisms and pathophysiologic features of a wide variety of diseases occurring in the various classes of domesticated animals and to understand the role of drugs in modifying the disease process. The resident will be involved with the Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory during this portion of the training period. The resident also is expected to take part in clinical teaching rounds, and take an active role consulting with clinical staff. The resident may be expected to keep a logbook of cases in which he/she played an active part in consultation. During the second year, the resident also will gain some research experience that will eventually determine the focus of the resident’s project in the third year. The third year of the training program is intended to develop the resident’s knowledge and skills in specific areas that are critical to the practice of clinical pharmacology. The primary focus during the third year will be a research project designed to provide the resident with skills necessary to be a successful investigator in veterinary clinical pharmacology.

Clinical pharmacologists must be familiar with industrial and regulatory pharmacology. During the training program, the resident is expected to become familiar with the process of drug development, evaluation, regulation, and approval. This experience may be gained by visiting with one or more of the veterinary pharmaceutical companies. The resident is expected to become familiar with important aspects of the drug approval process and requirements for conducting proper clinical trials. In addition, the resident is expected to become familiar with the functions of the US Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM). The resident will become familiar with regulatory veterinary medicine, drug evaluation, approval, and surveillance. A visit to the FDA may be arranged. These off-campus experiences may be arranged by the faculty advisor at a time that is convenient during the resident’s program.

In addition to these experiences, while at NCSU, the resident will have the opportunity to provide consulting for the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD). FARAD is a federally-funded program consisting of a computerized databank of residue avoidance information and resources. While consulting with FARAD, residents will learn the important factors that are used to determine withdrawal times for drugs administered in an extra-label manner in food producing animals.

During the training period, there will be several opportunities to gain experience in teaching. The resident will be expected to prepare didactic lectures for the second year veterinary pharmacology course. He/she also will be required to present two seminars or case presentations to pharmacology faculty, graduate students, or house officers on an area of interest. The resident will also be expected to make clinical case presentations to peers occasionally. In addition, the resident will have the opportunity to participate in the problem-based clinical teaching in the clinical services rotation for 4th year veterinary students.

Program Objectives

Research Requirement

As part of the training program, the candidate must conduct research that addresses problems or hypotheses pertinent to veterinary clinical pharmacology.

• The research should be of publishable quality.
• The research may be a component of the candidate’s dissertation research for an advanced degree.
• Basic pharmacology research without direct veterinary clinical implications may not be adequate to fulfill the research component of a training program.
• Two manuscripts will be required before the candidate is eligible to take the Phase II ACVCP Examination. These scientific reports must be based on research that addresses problems or hypotheses pertinent to veterinary clinical pharmacology. Both manuscripts must be non-review articles, published in peer review journals. At least one of the articles must be an original research article; the other article may be a case study. The candidate must be listed as first author on at least one of the required articles.
• Letters of final acceptance from editors will be sufficient to meet this requirement.

Course Work Requirement

A training program in Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology must include advanced course work in areas needed for expertise in clinical pharmacology. Courses required for fulfillment of the D.V.M. (or equivalent) degree are not allowed to meet this requirement. However, courses taken to fulfill requirements for an advanced degree (eg, PhD, MS) are allowed. Advanced course work also may include in-depth focused training seminars. Graduate courses exist at NCSU to meet this requirement. The candidate will be required to document courses taken at the time application is made to the Credentials Committee.

Specific courses may include, but are not limited to the following:

• Pharmacokinetics
• Advanced Pharmacology and Principles of Pharmacology
• Biostatistics and Experimental Design
• Analytical Chemistry
• Microbiology
• Toxicology

Clinical Requirement

The clinical requirement may be met in two ways or a combination thereof:

1. Clinical veterinary experience, which may include, but is not limited to a clinical internship or residency, or at least one year of clinical experience in veterinary practice. If Candidates select this option, they are expected to complete this phase of the clinical requirement prior to admission into the clinical pharmacology training program. The scope and nature of this experience must be described when the Candidate submits an application.
2. Or two years of clinical experience in the skills necessary to become proficient as a clinical pharmacologist. This training program should provide the candidate the opportunity to practice the skills of a clinical pharmacologist within a clinical milieu. This may include, but need not be limited to:

• Implementation and evaluation of a therapeutic clinical trial
• Management or consultative support of complex therapeutic problems in veterinary species.
• Identification and management of adverse drug reactions.
• Interpretation of microbiology culture and susceptibility data to guide the clinical management of a bacterial infection.
• Therapeutic drug monitoring.
• Develop drug protocols for extra-label drug use in food animals.
• Determine extended withdrawal times for food animals that have been administered drugs in an extra-label manner.
• Individualize drug dosage in clinical patients.

Study Materials

The following list contains references the Candidate should be familiar with during the ACVCP training program. This reference list will be used as a source of questions for the Phase I and Phase II ACVCP Examination, but the source of questions is not necessarily limited to this reference list. Candidates also are encouraged to consider contemporary articles in reputable journals pertaining to veterinary clinical pharmacology and applied therapeutics.

• ACVCP website:  www.acvcp.org  (website with instructions for clinical pharmacology candidates)
• Riviere JE, & Papich MG (editors):   Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics Ninth  Edition.  Wiley-Blackwell Press, 2009
• Brunton L, Chabner B, and Knollman B (editors): Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition, 2011.  McGraw Hill
• Katzung B, Masters S, & Trevor A, (editors):  Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 12/E (LANGE Basic Science).  McGraw Hill Medical (Lange Series) 2012
• Papich MG.  Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs, 3rd Edition. Elsevier.  2011
• Pharmacokinetic resources:
  • Pharsight
  • SAAM (Simulation, Analysis and Modeling)
  • Biosoft
  • FDA
• Internet WWW Sites:
  • FDA and regulatory issues
  • United States Pharmacopeia
  •  Drug monographs at AAVT

Journal Club

Clinical pharmacologists should regularly peruse important journals for the purpose of maintaining a current knowledge-base in the discipline of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy. At NCSU there is an organized pharmacology journal club that will meet regularly during the academic year to discuss and critique current articles of importance to clinical pharmacology is encouraged. Important journals include, but are not limited to:

• Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
• Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
• American Journal of Veterinary Research
• New England Journal of Medicine
• Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Leadership and Faculty

Apply

The program is not part of the residency matching program.

Candidates for residency program must also be accepted to the College’s Comparative Biomedical Sciences graduate program.

To be admitted to the Clinical Pharmacology training program, the Candidate must be legally qualified to practice veterinary medicine in a state, province, territory or possession of the U.S., Canada, or other country.

Candidates are required to take the graduate record exam (GRE) prior to admission.

For information regarding the program in Clinical Pharmacology contact Dr. Mark G. Papich. For questions about the College’s graduate program, Candidates should contact the administrator of the Comparative Biomedical Sciences program, Dr. Sam Jones at 919-513-7722, the CBS office at (919) 513-6203, fax: (919) 513-6452.

Information for International Applicants

Preference is given to applicants who have graduated from a college that is accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association. If you wish to apply for an internship or residency program things to keep in mind:

1. Have your degree translated and evaluated by a reputable company. Options include: Josef Silny & Associates, Trustforte Corporation, and World Education Services
2. Some programs require the TOFEL exam to qualify for a internship or residency position.
3. Most foreign interns and residents are appointed to H-1B visas.
4. To ensure that a foreign national candidate has the H-1B visa at the start of their program the candidate will be asked to pay for the premium processing filing fee of $1,225 USD, if necessary.
5. Getting a visa takes between 4 and 6 months if the visa is expedited it takes approximately 15 business days.
6. Take the initial steps and apply for The Educational Commission for Foreign Veterinary Graduates (ECFVG) certification program is accepted by all state veterinary regulatory boards and the federal government as meeting, either in part or full, the educational prerequisite for licensure or certain types of employment, respectively.